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Maybe the Oldest Old-Timer

Ricardo, I was excited to read your post (and now the second one). Consider me in the ranks as one of many here looking forward to hearing about your unique experiences and perspectives. I also stumbled upon this forum not long ago.

I two am one of the many “oldsters” here but certainly not an accordion old timer - I acquired my first accordion late last year at age 73. Never touched one before but I didn’t let that stop me. I have 60+ years of experience at the piano and nearly that much with brass and guitar and a touch with strings and other instruments. (Have you ever tried the musical saw?!)

Starting with the accordion from scratch has been both fascinating and frustrating, exactly as I expected. (My slow progress has been temporarily delayed by a shoulder injury and surgery but hope to get back to it in a few months! Fortunately there is SO much to read and learn in the interim, both on this forum and elsewhere!) I’m also highly interested in accordion repair and adjustments and met an expert local gentleman willing to teach me. Life is good!

Thank you for your posts here.

JKJ
Thank you JKJ. I hope your recovery moves along at "presto" speed. You are fortunate in meeting a teacher. They are very few around these days.
If you'd like to learn more about the history of this instrument, try to find a copy of The Golden Age of the Accordion by Flynn Davison and Chavez. They are likely rare and hard to find but one never knows until trying.
And no, never tried the musical saw but am aware of its existence. I'm more of "classic" guy in the era of Deiro, Frosini, Magnante, Gaviani, Biviano, Galla-Rini, Nunzio, et alii, all of whom were considered the top players, teachers and arrangers, and at the time became the idols many of us tried to emulate. Not taking anything away from many others either, like Van Damme, Floren, Matthews... And I have some experience at the symphony orchestra level.
Best wishes on your future accordion experiences. .
 
Hi Riccardo,fascinating stories. I know the coles you mention but had no idea there was an accordion school above it. One of my accordions is a mundinger-got it used. My former teacher who passed away two years ago studied with Mr. Mundinger and played a concerto with his ensemble in the eaton’s concert hall. She showed me lots of pictures of it.
are you in Toronto? I have a Facebook group called Toronto accordion club and there are many members but no activity. It’s impossible to find an affordable space in Toronto to run a club. There are currently no teachers in Toronto-I looked for years.
My teacher only has me as a student because he performs/ travels all the time.
if you have old accordion magazines and would be interested in selling I’ll be interested. And if you still live in Toronto I would love to get together for coffee one day and hear your stories. You probably knew my teacher Mary who played with Mundinger for a long time.
Boris Borgstrom is very old and apparently not well. He sold his entire inventory-lots from Waterloo music-to someone who is as efficient as Frank Busso-which means useless.
Even though we probably have the three top accordionists in the country-Toronto is useless for accordion culture and community. I’ve tried for years and it’s just not going to work. Plus it astonishes me that a city our size hasn’t had a teacher in years. Did someone say something about an accordion revival? If you haven’t already check out the book Accordion Rising. It’s a history of the accordion in Canada and I’m sure you know many of the people mentioned in it. It’s nice to meet you and hear your stories.
 
Hi Riccardo,fascinating stories. I know the coles you mention but had no idea there was an accordion school above it. One of my accordions is a mundinger-got it used. My former teacher who passed away two years ago studied with Mr. Mundinger and played a concerto with his ensemble in the eaton’s concert hall. She showed me lots of pictures of it.
are you in Toronto? I have a Facebook group called Toronto accordion club and there are many members but no activity. It’s impossible to find an affordable space in Toronto to run a club. There are currently no teachers in Toronto-I looked for years.
My teacher only has me as a student because he performs/ travels all the time.
if you have old accordion magazines and would be interested in selling I’ll be interested. And if you still live in Toronto I would love to get together for coffee one day and hear your stories. You probably knew my teacher Mary who played with Mundinger for a long time.
Boris Borgstrom is very old and apparently not well. He sold his entire inventory-lots from Waterloo music-to someone who is as efficient as Frank Busso-which means useless.
Even though we probably have the three top accordionists in the country-Toronto is useless for accordion culture and community. I’ve tried for years and it’s just not going to work. Plus it astonishes me that a city our size hasn’t had a teacher in years. Did someone say something about an accordion revival? If you haven’t already check out the book Accordion Rising. It’s a history of the accordion in Canada and I’m sure you know many of the people mentioned in it. It’s nice to meet you and hear your stories.

Hello Alans:
Thank you. You've not only made my day, you've given me a wonderful quite emotional trip through Accordion Nostalgiaville..
To start with, I knew Eric Mundinger very well, as we met often for accordion events, concerts, festivals, Kiwanis competitions. I'm looking at the Mundinger Academy Orchestra of over 125 accordionists photo Massey hall May 2, 1952 concert stage with a few I met over the years including Eric of course, Eric Jr, Marguerite,, Jerry and Derni Cingolani, Jerry Tyshkievich, Doris Johnson, John Giovanelli and many others who played and competed in accordion events of all kinds. And And John Gerstner was also in the photo. Accordionists of that era would know him...
Many years later, after Eric passed away, Doris contacted me and offered to sell what remained of many accordions, parts and music. I still have thousands of every description plus all of Elio Viola's music after he passed. Over 12 filing cabinet drawers packed plus a lot of ensemble music used in those days in competitions. Mostly in alphabetical order. Yes, will have to dispose of it in some way... much too valuable to trash of course.
Moving ahead to the early 2000's, Matt DeFlorio had organized the Canadian Accordion Club which met regularly with refreshments and accordionists performing at the hotel at 401 and 400. He had old colleague Karl Pukara and Iona Reed (World Champion) at one of the events... Matt wished to retire and asked me to take over since I had resumed my involvement in accordions. I renamed it the Canadian Accordion Association. We had many events over the years in the Burlington/Toronto/ Cambridge areas. Having the list of ,members really helped.
Highlights for several years were the picnics held at the Detmar farm near Cambridge where, under a huge tent, anyone was invited to bring an instrument and perform, no matter how inexperienced or otherwise the player may be. I guaranteed that no one would be allowed to make any critical comment regarding the playing, and I recall that we had over 30 performers at one of the events! For a small fee and to defray tent costs, lunch was catered by the Detmar family. Highlights were having Albini Gallant of Quebec City and the late Alexander Sevastian join us!!

Turning time back, I taught with Boris and Ernst Bergstrom for a year for Ryson's Music in St. Catharines and of course we became close friends. (I'm saddened to learn about Boris. Apart from being an outstanding accordionist, composer, avant-garde free bass pioneer unfortunately not given credit, Boris was extremely talented and versatile, completing his ARCT on piano when only about 18, teaching, and was a semi-pro badminton player - to keep in shape - and years later an adjudicator for the Royal Conservatory, among other accomplishments. A story few people know, and I realize this is public, Boris's father Ernst, when in Denmark in the 30's or 40's, unsure which, was a highly respected accordionist and even performed with Victor Borge!!, and further was invited to perform for the Danish Royal family. Ernst, being the type of person he was, never mentioned this. Boris showed me the Copenhagen newspaper clipping some years later. As you may know they started the Master Conservatory of Music which became a very successful and highly respected accordion school.

I think I'm overdoing it, but there's a lot of wonderful unknown history surrounding accordions in Ontario during the high years.
And re meeting, I'm in the country and rarely travel too far these days, although completely mobile so far.
But I'd be glad to share more history and thoughts with you.
But as usual, pull a thread with me and the whole thing becomes unravelled. My friends would tell you that seems to be my style!!
Thank you again for the contact
Best regards Riccardo
 
Welcome! Thanks for joining and sharing your rich history, we all will benefit from this!

A picture of at least a few people you may know in your area. ;)

1706703932271.jpeg
So many beautiful piano accordions that I'd readily offer to properly dispose of that button box on the left that is kind of sticking out. I actually hope it is being played: would be a shame not to have it work for its room and board.
 
That Gola took a long time to find its forever home, but it is gone a while now. :)
"Forever home" may be a bit pessimistic: that instrument looks like it will likely survive more than one other owner.
 
Welcome! Thanks for joining and sharing your rich history, we all will benefit from this!

A picture of at least a few people you may know in your area. ;)

1706703932271.jpeg
Thank you for the photo Jerry. As much as I tried, I couldn't ID anyone for sure although they all appear somewhat familiar.... It has something to do with time and distance. I've not been involved with accordionists in the Ontario area directly for over 15 or more years. Major connections have been with a few visiting Italian professional performers whom I knew well from my many visits to Italy, my organizing concerts with them as I may have mentioned in a previous thread, and during my involvement with the Canadian Accordion Association. However, I can identify with the carved accordionist on the wall at right. I have several of them in my collection.
And I had attended the Festival at Montmagny for several years. I mention this in case some other friends who read this were seeking places to enjoy accordion. However, unsure if this wonderful event (usually having taken place Labour Day weekend) is still operating. Internet should know..
 
I am not surprised, people age a little and look a bit different over time.
Front left, Walter Ostanek
Front right, Boris Borgstrom
Rear left, Keith Anderson from Anderson’s accordion sales & repair in Burlington
Rear right, no wonder you did not know that stranger… that’s me… lol

This was taken fall 2023.
 
I am not surprised, people age a little and look a bit different over time.
Front left, Walter Ostanek
Front right, Boris Borgstrom
Rear left, Keith Anderson from Anderson’s accordion sales & repair in Burlington
Rear right, no wonder you did not know that stranger… that’s me… lol

This was taken fall 2023.
Thank you ever so much. Yes, I did recognize Walter and Boris. I met Keith only once years ago when he visited the Excelsior Service Centre in Burlington before opening up his place on Walkers Line.
I hope you read my recent thread regarding the Bergstroms. And to add to the history, Walter was a student of Ernst Bergstrom's during the Ryson era in the early 50's. And another bit of trivia, when Ernst was taking some vacation time, I was asked to take over a few his his students while he was away, and Walter was one of them. On returning, he asked how things went and I mentioned that in my opinion, he had several outstanding talented students... Pat, Joy and Walter and I added that, " Walter is a rare 'natural' and if he continues, I'm sure he'll do well". As we know he did extremely so... Later I bumped into Walter a few times during his "Polka Dance" gigs in the TO area and I believe he attended a couple of Association events. I know about Boris and often wonder how Walter is faring.
THEY were the Days!!!
 
Well, in the recent past, Walter sold his business to Long and McQuade, but made them pay an exorbitant price for the building on top of the price for the buisness and stock and the following year won something like 1 million dollars in a lottery, so he is not hurting. Him and Boris are still close friends to this day and have breakfast at least once a week together. Walter still plays and headlines the annual Kitchener Octoberfest.

Yes I gobbled up every word you posted above, it was very interesting to learn about people that I had met. :)
 
Well, in the recent past, Walter sold his business to Long and McQuade, but made them pay an exorbitant price for the building on top of the price for the buisness and stock and the following year won something like 1 million dollars in a lottery, so he is not hurting. Him and Boris are still close friends to this day and have breakfast at least once a week together. Walter still plays and headlines the annual Kitchener Octoberfest.

Yes I gobbled up every word you posted above, it was very interesting to learn about people that I had met. :)
Thank you. Just to add a bit more history to your list of names, with respect to Montreal, as you may know, I met Jack Wright in the 1950's when I bought my second Excelsior Symphony Grand (the first was through Al Viola, my teacher in Hamilton - by the way the serial no. was 9999 and there was a history to this one as well. It may have been unfortunately lost in a fire in Montreal years later). Incidentally, Jack was Pat Marrazza's son-in-law and if I recall correctly, started his career as his salesman for accordions. Pat handled Excelsiors at the time and for whatever reasons,
Jack assumed the line and started his own company on Albert Street - Excelsior Supply. His secretary at the time was Minnie Ceretti who either purchased or inherited the company when Jack either retired or passed away.
Minnie moved it to another location on Jean Talon and ran the company by herself until she passed away in her late 80's. I had re-connected with her previously in the 90's with several visits to the city and we continued to stay in touch for years. I helped her bring instruments to Montmagny as part of the dealer shows and that's where I introduced her to Albini Gallant of Quebec City who continues to operate a successful school there. For a time he was also the Excelsior rep, and if I recall correctly, until the company was purchased by Pigini.
As we know, Pigini continues to build Excelsiors at the Karl Marx location in Castelfidardo. (My training re building and servicing Excelsior products was strictly at the previous Via Sardegna location. And that's where I had the privilege of working closely with some of the finest and most experienced artisans in the field.. Yes, I believed they were not just technicians and builders... they were true artisans who took great care in everything they touched in building accordions!. Unsure whether that's true today..)
Must also add that I watched the body of Hohner GOLA's being built there. Have read that Morino's built there too but never saw them while there.
Was also told an interesting story about GOLA by the older artisans but that's for another time...

Through some contacts in Castelfidardo Excelsior's service centre was moved to Burlington for a number of years.
Several Montreal accordionists were good enough to attend some of the concerts I organized in this area, especially when Roberto Lucanero, Emanuele Rastelli, Peter Soave, Daniele Ravaglia were performing. And I may have been one of the first to introduce Alexander Sevastian of Quartetto Gelato fame to accordionists here at a concert in Hamilton Place.
This month marks the 6th anniversary of his much too soon passing.. We really miss him.....

By the way, few if any people knew that Jack Wright used to take apart many of the recently imported accordions, especially the Accordiana keyboards, coat the treble springs with a bit of vaseline, then lower the keys with his special tool , ensure all was in perfect shape before packing and shipping to dealers. He also, when requested, added decor to the front of the instruments by himself!.. Used a paper punch to make circles, a sharp knife to cut strips and adhere them using acetone!! Another creative artist... watched him often and learned the procedure. He also had hired an Italian tuner, Tristano, when needed, to retune and check the reeds. He told me that he rarely, if ever had a complaint about the quality of his products. He prided himself on quality and his reputation of the original meaning of "EXCELSIOR"!

One more -maybe secret then -- using steel number pegs, he also stamped every instrument he sold at the bottom of the base section.. hardly visible, but they are there!! If you own one, check.. In later years, I believe the first 2 numbers were the year and the second the sequence of his sales.. although unsure of this fact since I've seen only earlier ones.. Anyone reading this can check their instrument.. if no number there, Jack did not sell it.. And some had an AE as first letters.. that's another story..
And to add to the story, it seems that many accordionists today wish to know the year of manufacture. Numbers inside usually are factory parts matching number to ensure the right parts come together when assembling. They're not necessarily time of manufacture. Must emphasize.. that's for Excelsior only.. unsure of others..
Further, any makes of instruments may sit on sheelves until ordered by dealers or purchasers and the same is true of retail dealers' stocks..
The only sure up-to-date instruments would likely be those specially ordered. I've seen accordions sitting on retail shelves for over 3 years.
In fact I still have a brand new Excelsior built about 15 years ago. A well respected and famous professional player ordered a special hi-end model and the factory built 2 identical ones for reasons not important here.. I happened to be at the factory when he tried them out and took one.. I bought the other. Will be looking to sell it at some point... of course play it to change the air as we know should be done...

Again, pull that thread, and off I go... Hope you found this of interest , and also of interest to others.. if not, apologies for taking your time.
 
Thank-you Riccardo for all of your wonderful memories. Are you in touch with Matt Defloria’s son Rudy? He took over the store from Matt and now runs it with his son. I know them quite well. You must have known Dixie Dean.
I saw Alex Sevastien perform with Quartetto Gelato. He was brilliant and he stood during the entire performance which is incredible because he played such a huge instrument. I think everyone was shocked by his passing. He left behind very young children. He was a brilliant musician and seemed to be the sweetest man. He put out a solo cd before he tragically passed away. My current teacher is the accordionist for Quartetto Gelato. They are touring a great deal-playing with the Windsor symphony in a few weeks. They put on a great show. Your memories are invaluable for us as as inI said earlier,there are no remnants of any accordion culture in Toronto left. If you ever get a chance to visit Rudy’s store on eglinton, he has a wall of photos from the olden days and the cowboy suit his father wore on tv.
 
Riccardo, even though I live in a far away part of the world I am finding your recollections fascinating.
Please keep them coming.
 
Thank-you Riccardo for all of your wonderful memories. Are you in touch with Matt Defloria’s son Rudy? He took over the store from Matt and now runs it with his son. I know them quite well. You must have known Dixie Dean.
I saw Alex Sevastien perform with Quartetto Gelato. He was brilliant and he stood during the entire performance which is incredible because he played such a huge instrument. I think everyone was shocked by his passing. He left behind very young children. He was a brilliant musician and seemed to be the sweetest man. He put out a solo cd before he tragically passed away. My current teacher is the accordionist for Quartetto Gelato. They are touring a great deal-playing with the Windsor symphony in a few weeks. They put on a great show. Your memories are invaluable for us as as inI said earlier,there are no remnants of any accordion culture in Toronto left. If you ever get a chance to visit Rudy’s store on eglinton, he has a wall of photos from the olden days and the cowboy suit his father wore on tv.
Thank you for replying. For a number of good reasons I've been away from the accordion world for several years but recently "resurrected" my interest and have recounted some of my past history just to see if there is any interest and have been overwhelmed by the wonderful responses.
And I had visited Rudy's 'emporium' many years ago. As I had mentioned in a recent thread, his Father Matt had asked me to take over the Accordion Club as he wished to retire. The rest I've reported so far, and there is more as the memory axons and dendrons resurface. And yes, as I've said, I knew Alexander very well, especially since inviting him to perform at one of the several concerts I used to organize, and that was soon after he arrived in this country. He performed at several more as well as for the Accodion Association. And as I've said previously, his loss was one of the greatest tragedies. He passed away by coincidence on Feb. 16, 2018. I shall tip a glass and spend a few quiet moments in his memory, and then listen to him play.......
I knew Dixie Dean very well. In fact Dixie was the adjudicator at the Waterloo Music Festival where I won the Championship in 1954. (Magnante's arrangement of Mendelsohn's Andante and Rondo Capriciosso - one of the most challenging I'd ever performed). A year later I was invited by Dr. Thiele to adjudicate along with Dixie, Jerry Cingolani, and Frank Luciano of Windsor. Frank owned and operated a very successful music school in Windsor, was the accordionist for the Ukrainian Dinner/Dance Night Club - forgotten the name - and was physically handicapped!! but it never ever stopped him from any activities... we were also good friends and met him several times when representing Excelsior in Southern Ontario.
I'd followed Quartetto almost from the start when by accident I heard them performing outside in a Toronto Park bandstand. They've had a few accordionists over the years and not casting any aspersions on any of course - not my style, - Alexander brought to the group an unusual aura and sense of innovation in terms of humour, audience participation and musical "chutzpah" if there exists such a concept -, at least in my opinion...
As for visiting, chances I'll not be traveling to TO any time soon, but one never knows. And by the way, one of the contributors is looking for an accordion teacher in that area. Can't help since I've lost contact with any accordionists of my era. The only great teacher I know is Albini Gallant but he's in Quebec City...
By the way, I've read a few more related topic threads from many others - interesting - in a way I'm reluctant to share some of my experiences regarding accordion construction, repairs, quality of reeds etc. but I may take a chance and suffer "the slings and arrows" ... We'll see.
My analogy is, being of my accordion vintage, I go back to days of vacuum tubes, transistors, dial phones and analog instruments.. in the face of micro-chips, iphones, clouds, and of course virtual accordions.... Mine were the More Simple Good 'Ol Days -- again in my opinion. Take care..
 
Must also add that I watched the body of Hohner GOLA's being built there. Have read that Morino's built there too but never saw them while there.
Was also told an interesting story about GOLA by the older artisans but that's for another time...

Please share, good or bad, I'd love to hear it!
 
Please share, good or bad, I'd love to hear it!
Thanks for the encouragement. I shall accommodate from time to time.
To start with, I recall a contributor's thread dealing with types of reeds... My experiences with them in Italy and Ontario were rather interesting and I stress that was many many years ago... and we know things have changed over the decades since...

I had the privilege of spending some time with the Binci family in Castelfidardo after being introduced by my Excelsior hosts. At the time, they were quite cautious regarding visitors since, I gathered and rightly so, they felt competitors would take away their "secrets" for making those hi-end reeds used in hi-end accordions. And I was asked not to divulge anything shown or taught to me except what generalities I share here.
Yes, Binci reeds were absolutely hand made ( a mano) from the raw materials, including the steel, aluminium and rivets. They told me that they took great pains to ensure their standards were held to the highest level by checking carefully every single package and item before production of each reed. One aspect I found interesting was the fact that absolutely no motorized equipment was used. All was cut, checked, riveted by hand and eye. Further any scratching of reeds in raw tuning was often under the tongue so as not to show the scratches as we see in many reeds.
By the way, often I've seen obvious tuning marks on reeds made by a powered 'Dremel'-type instrument, and as some know, any heat generated on the tongue of the reed may cause some loss of temper... I say.. MAY, not will...
I must add that Machine type (typo a mano) reeds are not the same quality as a mano but that's for another thread or I'm sure someone out there can explain the differences..
I add this comment more for those who are getting into accordions for the first time. Unfortunately there were and there still may be those who will misinform the inexperienced, just to make a sale or exploit. This business has had more than its share in my opinion since I've seen it all..
..
The company name was ingrained onto the plate as we know. Highest quality handmade reeds years ago can be seen by the uneven hammer strokes on the rivets, but unsure whether this continued over the years. Flat head rivets are of course "machine" type and there are several categories of these, as well known throughout the industry. Much cheaper to produce with the resultant difference in sound etc..
Any inexperienced purchaser, if told the instrument has handmade reeds should have it checked by an expert....

One cautionary sad note -- I found the Binci name on a reed of one of the accordions sent to me for servicing some years later with the owner believing that all the reeds were Binci, and they obviously were not. Either it was a single replacement or someone had taken the time and effort to ingrain the name ...
And I was invited to see the Cagnoni reed factory as well. They also manufactured high quality reeds at the time, using relatively similar procedures - but I stress -- at the time!!
Hope this is of interest to at least some..
 
I am surmising from what you wrote above, Riccardo, that Binci and Cagnoni made reeds for Excelsior accordions at one time. A few questions:
1. Did any of the Excelsior accordions made in New York have Italian-made reeds? If so, made by whom and from when to when?
2. After Excelsior shifted their entire production to Italy, who made the reeds for their accordions?
3. Did the Excelsior factory in Italy ever make reeds in-house, or did they always outsource them (e.g., from Binci, Cagnoni, or other)?

Thank you,
Alan
 
You ask me some interesting and difficult questions. I'm sorry to disappoint you but it would be foolhardy of me to try to answer any of them except a few comments. First of all, I never asked my teacher - who sold me my first NY Symphony Grand Ser #9999 - the type of reeds or where they were made after playing that beautiful memorable sound, compared with my Settimio Soprani. I felt I was in Accordion Heaven, and especially since it was the same model I had seen played by my idol, Charlie Magnante. Of course I never took my Excelsior apart since there was no need. My priority in my teenage years was to prepare for shows and competitions, play gigs and teach to help pay for the instrument all while attending school.
I was not privy to any of the history or reasons of Excelsior's moving to Italy from New York, but all kinds of speculation were rampant as I learned years later. I suppose only those involved would know the truth and they may be long gone.
My direct involvement with Excelsior, after a hiatus of about 25 years was the connection with the factory in Castelfidardo on Via Sardegna, as I may have said in a previous thread. Establishing a service centre in the Hamilton/Toronto area after the Montreal operation when Minnie Ceretti had basically retired resulted in many visits to the factory where I learned whatever I could working with the artisans there. And they were true artisans proud of their work. I must add that I was told that the younger generation was not interested in working in that field and that was another reason why so many factories went dark or were assimilated, as we know... Signs of the times.

Just to back up slightly, since Excelsior made many different models with different prices, even at the NY factory, the reeds used would have been based, among other reasons on the price point, and further, semi-professional Excelsiola and student level Accordianas were made at the Excelsior factory with different reeds and qualities of course. BTW, I've seen Accordianas for sale advertised as Excelsiors!! They're not - only Made by Excelsior as the insignia states..
To try to simplify your question of reeds, I learned that, in my experience, (and there will be persons who may disagree since I don't pretend to know everything about accordions - who does? ), there were about 5 different levels based on the manufacturing process, quality of the metals used, leathers and tuning process.
"Lowest to highest" --Macchina 1, 2, Dural, Typo a Mano and a Mano.
Depending on the company policy at any given time, and these changed as the company changed hands!, it was possible to special order a type of reed to suit the customer - except of course, one could not ask for lower quality in the high end models but the reverse was possible in some cases. For example I have an Excelsiola with a Mano reeds! And it sounds like it..

In no way do I wish to disparage the industry, but it appeared to me that there appeared to be a type of "Wild West" in the manufacturing of accordions even in the early days. In some cases, factories were desperate to keep workers employed, to make sales and to support the tremendous demand for accordions.
Some would sell instruments with no name and the retailer would add whatever name they felt would sell.
In a way, I think the industry may have been lacking some degree of governmental control over quality, standards and even patents and copyright. Personal opinion only and I likely err.

Naming even one could result in litigation I'm sure, but I know that a few simply added an Italian- sounding ending to the make or changed the name slightly to fool the buyer. But I will take a chance and mention my experience with an Excelsa accordion sent to me for servicing and a request to honour a warranty supposedly by Excelsior. Of course it was not.

No doubt, no answers to your questions, but perhaps a little more information of interest to you - and maybe others.
Repeat -- my relatively limited historical experience only with opinions.
 
3: a resounding yes
3: the cagnoni ownership quietly changed at one point to the benefit of Cemex

the position of Cemex was that the quality of their modern machine precision
controled factory reeds were every bit as good as hand made, even better because
of the consistency, and that precious time by their craftsmen was better spent
finishing, finessing, voicing, tuning to perfection

but if you were stubborn and absolutely insisted, well fine, let's figure
out a way to quietly make you happy too , even if it didn't make a damn
bit of difference from a practical standpoint..

and we all know full well how much, even today, people fanatically
pursue some illusionary dream of hand made reeds.. mostly (sadly)
people who cannot tell the difference when they play an accordion,
but are so convinced by the industry hype, that this is still the single
most important thing to them, and the first thing they want you to
answer for them (does this thing i just bought have hand made reeds,
i think it does because i heard this rumour or story etc, etc,)

Cemex had amazing electromagnet, cutting, computer controlled , automated
sorting, grading, precision manufacturing equipment, the best in the business,
and their finishing dept. for the keyboards and tuning was like a NASA
level of quality
 
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